Blast from the Past: 1953 – Walt Disney’s Land of Exploration

In March, 1953 photographer Bert Harwell, nationally known wildlife photographer and bird caller, visited Malheur NWR. He was on assignment from Disney and showed a number of pictures while he was there which generated a lot of interest locally about the birdlife frequenting the refuge.  Bert Harwell used his images in films such as Disney’s “A True Life Adventure: The Vanishing Prairie” and “Canada West”.

Submitted by Nadia Jones

Code 17 - Radio Tagging at Warm Springs NFH

The sound of crickets chirping filled the room, only this was a completely artificially produced sound.  On the computer screen flashed “Code 17”, “Code 17”, “Code 17”.  The radio-tag was sending out its signal, waiting to be heard by those who were interested.  This small tag, measuring 5 mm by 10mm and weighing barely 0.3 grams, was placed into a bath of disinfectant, soon to be attached to a juvenile spring Chinook salmon.  It would accompany the fish on its journey to the sea.  The process had begun.

Top to Botton:  Pencil, PIT tag in vial, and radio tag.

 Jen placed an anesthetized fish onto the operating platform, belly up.  A tube was placed into the mouth of the fish, and a stream of water began flowing over the gills.  This water had a small concentration of anesthetic mixed in to keep the fish sedated throughout the procedure.  The fish’s gills rhythmically contracted.  Everything looked good.  Jen took a micro-scalpel and carefully made a small incision in the fish’s belly, just below the pelvic girdle.  She then used a small needle, covered by a plastic catheter to protect vital organs, to poke a hole in the fish’s abdominal wall.  The antenna of the radio-tag was then threaded through the catheter so that the antenna trailed outside the body wall, while the radio-tag itself could be placed inside the fish at the point of the first incision.  Satisfied that everything looked in place, Jen then proceeded to close the incision and finish the surgery.  Two sutures, using a modified surgeon’s knot, were “thrown” to keep the incision point tight and allow for natural healing.  After the first suture was complete, the flow of anesthetic water through the fish’s gills was switched so that only pure freshwater was flowing, beginning the process of recovery for the fish.  As the second suture was finished, Brian prepared a recovery bucket full of water with elevated dissolved oxygen levels.  Jen then placed the fish into the recovery bucket, and the time of surgery was called out and recorded.  Four minutes twenty seconds.  That was the length of time the surgery took, from placing the fish on the operating platform to depositing it into the recovery bucket.  Thirty seconds.  That was the time it took the fish to become fully awake and recovered from the surgery.  The fish was then placed into a holding tank inside the hatchery.  Code 17 was now the signal that would be broadcasting out from inside the fish for the next 42 days (the battery life of the radio-tag).  Code 17 was how we would now refer to this previously anonymous fish.  Code 17 was now part of our family, we would grow a special bond with it as we tracked its movement and progress on its journey to the sea.

               Why did we go through all of this effort to place a radio-tag in a fish?  Why did we do this 78 other times this April?  Why had Brian and Jen practiced surgery techniques for weeks prior to this?  Why had staff from Warm Springs NFH, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, and the USFWS Columbia River Fisheries Program Office devoted so much time and effort to this project?  The radio-tagging project was part of a broader evaluation looking at juvenile survival of spring Chinook salmon released from Warm Springs NFH.  Warm Springs NFH, located on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, annually releases up to 750,000 hatchery juveniles in order to provide adult spring Chinook salmon for harvest in the Columbia and Deschutes rivers.  The USFWS and the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon have a comprehensive monitoring program designed to evaluate the effectiveness of hatchery rearing and release strategies in meeting the hatchery’s production and harvest goals.  Based on some previous evaluations using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags, it appeared that on average, less than half of the juveniles released from the hatchery survived to make it to Bonneville Dam, located on the mainstem Columbia River approximately 246 river kilometers downstream from the hatchery.  We wanted to know if the majority of this apparent juvenile mortality was occurring within the Deschutes River basin or was it occurring in the mainstem Columbia River. 

By radio-tagging a representative portion of the hatchery release, and then tracking the movements of the tagged fish in the Deschutes basin, we hope to determine whether fish are successfully making it to the mainstem Columbia River or whether mortality is occurring in the Deschutes.  Based on what we find, managers may be able to target actions to try to reduce the apparent mortality of the hatchery releases.  Surgically tagging the fish is only the first step in this process.  Tagged fish were then released into the Warm Springs River, along with the rest of the hatchery’s untagged population.  We placed a series of telemetry fixed-site stations throughout the Warm Springs and Deschutes rivers.  Fixed-site stations scanned the radio frequencies and recorded which codes were swimming past.  Based on the detection histories at each of the fixed-sites, we can estimate survival of the radio-tagged fish to various points within the basin. 

Code 17.  How is it doing?  Well, apparently darn good!  The fish was tagged on April 2nd and released from the hatchery on April 4^th.  Within eight hours of release, good old Code 17 had swum out of the Warm Springs River and into the Deschutes.  Less than thirty hours later it had swum past our fixed-site station at the mouth of the Deschutes River and was on its way down the Columbia.  That is swimming over 150 river kilometers of river in around two days!  This, from a fish that was just 132 mm in length.  We bid you adieu, Code 17, and hope your journey to the ocean is fast and uneventful.  Perhaps we will see you again in a couple of years, all grown and mature.  Maybe you will tell us more about your adventures upon your return.

Brian and Jen after a sucessful day of radio tag surgeries.

Submitted by David Hand

Blast from the Past: 1941 – Parade Float

In September 1941, Malheur NWR entered a parade float in the Harney County Fair parade. The float itself is a duck cage. The ducks had been banded prior to and were released during the parade. It was awarded 1^st place in the section representing government and municipal floats. This marked the 3^rd year in a row that they won first place. It’s probably a hard act to beat. I doubt city hall had birds to release. And who’s driving the tank?

Submitted by Nadia Jones

Tenacious Trespasser #5: Chinese Mitten Crab

Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)             

What is it?

The Chinese mitten crab is a freshwater crab named after the conspicuous mitten-like hairs on its claws.  These hairy bristles (or setae) might look like an interesting fashion statement, but their exact purpose is unknown.  Mitten crab can be found in bays and estuaries, as well as in freshwater rivers and streams with abundant aquatic vegetation.  Chinese mitten crabs are a catadromous species.  Catadra-what?  Catadromous refers to a life cycle in which organisms are born or hatch in the marine environment, migrate into freshwater where they spend the majority of their lives (2-5 years in the case of mitten crab), then migrate back to salt water to breed.  While in freshwater, mitten crab spend much of their time burrowed into riverbanks, hiding under rocks, or migrating upstream to find food. 

FACT: Polish researchers have discovered hundreds of tiny organisms living in the “mittens” of crabs.  They fear the mitten crab may transport its own nuisance species via its claws as it migrates to new habitats.

What does it look like?

Adult mitten crab are brownish-orange to greenish-brown in color with white tipped hairy claws (hair is greatly reduced or absent in juveniles).  Unlike native crab species, the shell or carapace of mitten crab is very convex and uneven, with a distinct notch between the eyes, and four spines along each side of the shell.  Legs of mitten crab are typically twice as long as the carapace width.

FACT: Chinese mitten crabs spend approximately 90% of their life in freshwater.

Where is it from & where is it now?

As its common name suggests, the Chinese mitten crab is native to the pacific coast of China and Korea.

The first notable invasion of Chinese mitten crab occurred in Germany in the early 1900’s.  It has since plagued a number of Northern European countries, as well as areas in Western Asia (Iran and Iraq), Canada and North America.  The first confirmed sighting of Chinese mitten crab in the US occurred in the Great Lakes in 1965.  Since this time, mitten crabs have been found in Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Hudson River, Mississippi River, San Francisco Bay, and the Columbia River.  The only self-sustaining population of mitten crab is currently found in San Francisco Bay, California.  It remains unclear whether mitten crab have established a population in the mid-Atlantic region.

General distribution of Chinese mitten crab populations.  Red circles and blue circles correspond to established and non-established populations in non-native range, green circles indicate distribution in the native range.  Taken from Dittel, A.I., Epifanio, C.E.  2009.  Invasion biology of the Chinese mitten crab Eriochier sinensis: a brief review.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology.  374, 79-92. 

FACT:  Single specimen of mitten crab have been captured in the Columbia River near Portland Oregon (1999) and Columbia River Estuary near Port of Ilwaco (1997).

How did it get here?

It is believed Chinese mitten crab were introduced to the US in one of two ways.  They may have been released intentionally to create a fishery and provide a food resource (in Asia, the mitten crab is a delicacy), or the juveniles (free floating larvae) were introduced to our waters accidentally through the transport of contaminated ship ballast water.

Today the mitten crab is still spread through ballast water discharge, intentional stocking, and by commercial or recreational boating activities.  Once introduced to a new location, it is possible the crab can migrate to surrounding water bodies on its own.

FACT:  This creepy crustacean can migrate up to 11 miles per day and will even travel on dry land to avoid barriers such as dams and levees.

What are its impacts?

You only make the Global Invasive Species Database’s list of “100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species” one way folks!  In high densities, Chinese mitten crab cause a number of problems in their introduced range.  They may out-compete native crab, mussels, and crayfish for food and space.  Their voracious appetites can completely alter the aquatic food chain and cause a general decline in the species it competes with and/or consumes (e.g., algae, aquatic plants, detritus, benthic invertebrates, salmon/trout/sturgeon eggs).  The burrowing activity of Chinese mitten crab can undermine levees and significantly increase the occurrence of stream bank erosion.  Mitten crab may impact commercial and recreational fishing industries by consuming bait, inundating or damaging fishing nets and devouring or damaging catch.  In California, massive migrations of the crab have clogged screens, pumps, water intake structures at fish collection facilities and power plants.  The mitten crab can even be a threat to human health – as they are an intermediate host of the Oriental lung fluke.  Humans become infested if raw or undercooked crabs are eaten.  Fortunately the fluke has not been found in mitten crab collected within the United States.  

FACT: Female mitten crab produce 250,000 to 1 million eggs per brood.

What is being done about it?

A number of control methods such as trapping, trawling, physical barriers, and harvest programs have been used to battle this mitted monster with limited success.  Chemical controls are generally not considered a viable option to combat mitten crab because of their mobile nature.  However, research on a fungus that is lethal to mitten crab may prove to be an effective biological control agent in the future.  For now, federal legislation (Federal Lacey Act) has made it illegal to import eggs and live mitten crab to the United States.  It is also illegal to transport or possess live mitten crab in the states of California, Washington, and Oregon (OAR 635-056).

Public outreach and education remains the best most cost effective method of preventing the introduction and spread of Chinese mitten crab.

FACT:  English researchers have considered selling invasive Chinese mitten crab to restaurants and markets as a way to control their numbers.

How can YOU prevent the spread of Chinese mitten crab?

Aquatic nuisance species have the uncanny ability to hitch a ride in places we least expect them.  To minimize the potential spread of unwanted invaders, follow these simple steps.

·       CLEAN: your boat and all your gear including waders and boots after each use.

·       DRAIN: all of the water from your boat (including the bilge, live well, motor), trailer, tackle and gear before leaving the area.

·       DRY: your gear completely (at least 48 hours) after each use.

·       NEVER: move live organisms from one water body to another – it is illegal!

·       If you happen to capture a mitten crab, DO NOT throw it back alive.  Take a photograph, freeze it or preserve it in rubbing alcohol, and report your finding to a local authority.

What if I find a mitten crab?

If you find Chinese mitten crab or any other “tenacious trespasser” contact the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force at 1-877-STOP-ANS.  If you spot a potential aquatic invader in Oregon, contact the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline at 1-866-UNVADER.  In Washington State you can report a potential sighting at 1-877-9-INFEST.

Submitted by Jen Poirier

Blast from the Past - Snippets from the Refuge Archives

I’ve been handed an amazing project: the refuge archives!! I know. Dull, right? Not at all! Sure, there’s the humdrum bureaucratic stuff: how many man hours does a fence require? How many birds were tagged? But there are also stories about daily life and special events. In this series, I plan to share whatever fun tidbits I run across as I sift through the history of our National Wildlife Refuges.

Blast from the Past: 1956 - Color Marking Study of Migration Routes

How would you determine the migration routes of birds without radio tags or GPS or really computers in general? During March & April, 1955 around 850 Ross’s Geese (white birds) were trapped and dyed vivid colors (pink, yellow, and green) near Tule Lake, CA. This was done to see if the tracking rates would be better than banding. It was noted that the geese were accepted back into the flock despite the outrageous coloring. Studies like this are entirely dependent upon the reports of observers and the scientists involved hoped that the distinctive, non-natural colors would attract attention. By late April of that same year reports started coming in: 2 pinks had arrived in Burns, OR. In May, 2 in Alberta, 2 along the Mackenzie River, and 2 near the Arctic Coast. In July, a green was banded on Banks Island. No pictures were included with the study documents – oh how I wish there were some!!

  Submitted by Nadia Jones

Ring the Bell, Pacific Lamprey are in School!

School?  For lamprey?  That’s right.  Pacific lamprey are now in local schools.  They don’t take the bus every day.  They don’t have math homework at night.  They don’t take tests and they don’t get sent to the principal’s office.  Rather, they are there to help teach as many students as possible, young and old, what makes this fish unique.  Given that lamprey have been around for at least 360 million years, it makes sense that humans (who have only been around for about 100 thousand years) can probably learn a thing or two from them!

We’ve been fortunate to be involved in an outreach program established by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Sean Connolly to get “Lamprey in the Classroom.” This program involves setting up an aquarium in a classroom, collecting a few lamprey from local streams, and placing them into the aquarium for the students to observe and learn from.

Lamprey have a complex life history.  For example, Pacific lamprey embryos hatch in freshwater tributaries.  The resulting larvae—known as ammocoetes—do not have eyes, spend much of their time burrowed in sediment, and feed by filtering water.  Sometime in the next 3-7 years they go through a transformation (metamorphosis) into juveniles, called macropthalmia.  Juveniles have eyes and teeth to help with feeding when they eventually head out to the ocean.  After a period at sea, the lamprey transform again into fully mature adults, return to a freshwater tributary to spawn (after which, adults die), and start the cycle once again.  You can learn more about this life history, and improve your coloring skills, by clicking HERE.

 

The Lamprey in the Classroom project has helped bring larval lamprey into two Portland (OR) and Vancouver (WA) metro area schools.  Middle and high school students are observing and caring for the fish in their ammocoete (larval) life history stage, when lamprey don’t have eyes and feed by filtering water.  Students can observe, study, and wonder why they can never find the larvae, set up cameras to try and catch glimpses of the elusive critters, and ask really cool questions about this ancient species.  Pretty much how all great scientists get started, right?  Hmmm … so all this observation got students at David Douglas High School and Pacific Middle School thinking … “How should we feed these lamprey so that they will stay alive and grow?”  GREAT QUESTION! 

 

Right now, there are a lot of biologists from tribal, state and federal agencies as well as colleges and universities asking the same thing.  Many folks are wondering if we an bring some lamprey into captivity to help conserve the species.  Although we know we can keep them alive for at least 2 years, we still need to know (or learn) how to get them to grow well.  Fortunately, we have also been able to work projects to help understand what and how to feed these larvae.  The most common food used to feed larval lamprey in captivity has been yeast (that’s right, the same stuff you might use for baking bread).  Although yeast seems to work perfectly fine in some cases, researchers are starting to explore other possibilities for feeding the larvae.  As part of the Lamprey in the Classroom project, some of our research results have been able to provide students with information on what and how to feed larval lamprey. 

 What seems pretty certain is that - while students might want to consider bringing an apple for their teacher - for now, it would probably be better to bring something like yeast for their lamprey.

Submitted by: Tim Whitesel, Sean Connolly and Marci Koski

Photos by Jane Chorazy

 

Prevent the Pathway!

It is National Invasive Species Awareness Week...so let's take a look at the different ways some of these species invade or spread to new areas.

Aquatic nuisance species (ANS) can come from any country in the world and may be introduced into new ecosystems in a variety of ways.  The means and routes by which ANS are introduced into an aquatic ecosystem are called introduction pathways.  Some species migrate into new areas on their own (volitional movement), while others may be carried into new areas by natural events such as hurricanes or floods.  The vast majority of invasive species are spread into new water bodies as a direct result of human activities.  Whether intentionally or by accident, once an ANS is introduced and becomes established in a new ecosystem, it is very costly and difficult to control or eradicate them.  Often the best approach to preventing the introduction or further spread of ANS is to educate the public on the potential pathways of introduction and steps each person can take to stop the spread of ANS in their local community. 

Look at the following picture and identify 10 ways in which ANS are introduced or spread into local aquatic ecosystems.

National Invasive Species Awareness Week website

Submitted by Donna Allard and Jen Poirier